The first decade of the last century has gone down in the annals of neurosurgery as the period of the birth of endoscopic neurosurgery. In 1909, E. Doyen developed a method for endoscopic access and transection of the trigeminal nerve root for trigeminal neuralgia, and in 1910, V. L. Lespinasse performed the first endoscopic surgery on the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles for hydrocephalus (Davis L., 1936). In the initial period of neuroendoscopy's development, technically imperfect, large, rigid endoscopes with poor illumination and a limited field of view did not provide reliable intracranial stereotopographic orientation, and the examination procedure lasted up to 3 hours or more (Fay T., Grant F.C., 1923). One of the earliest neuroendoscopic techniques was ventriculoscopy, used in internal hydrocephalus to coagulate the villous plexus and perforate the floor of the third ventricle (Mixter M.J., 1923). Scientists and practicing neurosurgeons from many countries persistently sought ways to apply endoscopy in neurosurgery. The results of the persistent and dedicated work of the best of them remained in the history of surgery of the nervous system. Thus, American neurosurgeons T. Fay and F.C. Grant were the first to perform intraventricular photographs through a ventriculoscope. Working at the Charles Frazier Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1923 they used a cystoscope to examine the cerebral ventricles of a newborn with hydrocephalus under ether anesthesia (Fay T., Grant F.C., 1923). In the same year, W.J. Mixter conducted the first endoscopic study of the third ventricle of the brain, described in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (Mixter M.J., 1923). A number of fundamental works on endoscopic neurosurgery were published by American scientists T.J. Putnam (1934, 1935, 1943) and J.E. Scarff (1936, 1942, 1970). The priority in the design and clinical use of the first neurofibroendoscope ("ventriculofibroscope") belongs to Japanese scientists T. Fukushima, B. Ishijima, K. Hirakawa (Fukushima T. et al., 1973). Of particular interest are the endocranioscopic studies of M.P. Powell et al. (1983), M.L.J. Apuzzo et al. (1977) and L.M. Auer et al. (1988), who described the technique of endoscopic biopsy and drainage of intraventricular space-occupying lesions, the work of L.M. Auer (1985), L.M. Auer et al. (1989) on endoscopic surgery of intracerebral hematomas, as well as publications of K.H. Manwaring et al. (1989, 1992), C.B. Heilman, A.R. Cohen (1991), A.R. Cohen (1992, 1995), K.H. Manwaring (1992, 1995), who presented the results of endoscopic opening of intraventricular cysts, fenestration of the septum pellucidum and ventricular shunting. In 1986, H.B. Griffith, summarizing the significant achievements in the creation of neuroendoscopic technology, as well as the successes of its clinical application, proposed the term "endoneurosurgery". Following this, new terms "keyhole microneurosurgery" and "endoscope-assisted microneurosurgery" began to be used increasingly in the literature. Significant contributions to the development of neuroendoscopy were made by Russian scientists E.I. Babichenko, N.I. Grenz, A.S. Iova, V.B. Karakhan, A.N. Konovalov, V.V. Lebedev, G.O. Mzhavanadze, I.A. Nikitin, V.L. Petraki, B.M. Rachkov, V.I. Rostotskaya, V.N. Semenov, A.A. Sufianov, and G.S. Tigliev. They have published papers on intracranial endoscopy for hydrocephalus, cystic and tumor processes, intravascular endoscopy, and endocranioscopy for traumatic brain injury. Extensive practical work and diverse scientific research in videoendoscopic anatomy and neurosurgery are conducted at the Russian Military Medical Academy. In 1997, 1999, and 2001, the Academy hosted the now-traditional international symposia on modern minimally invasive technologies. The most important issues covered at these symposia were devoted to intraoperative endoscopic video monitoring in neurosurgery and issues of surgical neuroendoscopy. Modern advances in neuroendoscopy are reflected in the publications of renowned foreign neurosurgeons B.L. Bauer and D. Hellwig, M.R. Gaab and H.W. Schroeder, A. Perneczky and G. Fries (Germany), K.H. Manwaring, A.R. Cohen (USA), J. Camaert (Belgium), and others. They cover the fundamental concepts of minimally invasive videoendoscopic neurosurgery, the features of neuroendoscopy in hydrocephalus, cystic and tumor lesions of the brain, endoscopic approaches to the subarachnoid space. Among the notable publications on endoscopic neuroanatomy, the most fundamental is the atlas of endoscopic neurosurgical anatomy, published in 1993 in Stuttgart (Germany), created by A. Perneczky, M. Tschabitscher, and K.D.M. Resch. The problems of videoendoscopic neurosurgery are covered in the atlas by J.J. Regan, P.C. McAfee and M.J. Mack (1995), "Manual of Endoscopic Operations in Neurosurgery" published by J.A. Grotenius (1996), in the book by W.A. King, J.G. Frazee and A.A.F. De Salles "Endoscopy of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System" published in 1998, as well as the monograph by D.F. Jimenez (1999) "Intracranial Endoscopic Neurosurgery". Thus, the emergence and successful implementation of modern optical and telecommunication technologies indicate the beginning of a new stage in the history of the development of videoendoscopic neurosurgery.