A laparoscope [https://eleps.ru/katalog/laparo-i-torakoskopiya-optika-laparoskopy/] is a metal tube with a diameter of 10 or 5 mm with a complex lens system and a light guide. A laparoscope is designed to transmit images from inside the human body using lens or rod optics and a rigid outer tube. It is classified as a rigid endoscope. The laparoscope lens can be viewed with the naked eye—this has been the practice for many decades. However, in the last thirty years, with the advent of miniature endoscopic video cameras (now weighing 50–150 grams) attached to the laparoscope lens, it has become possible for everyone in the operating room to observe the entire operation on a monitor screen. A laparoscope lacks the discrete image structure created by optical fibers, and therefore its image quality and resolution are much higher. The laparoscope is the first link in the image transmission chain. In general, a laparoscope consists of an outer and inner tube, between which an optical fiber is laid for transmitting light from the illuminator into the body cavity. The inner tube contains an optical system of miniature lenses and rods. The optical system of the laparoscope consists of: - a wide-angle objective; - several image transfer sections; - an eyepiece. The wide-angle objective of the laparoscope creates an image in its focal plane, which is then transferred by the transfer sections to the focal plane of the eyepiece. In general, different types of laparoscopes differ in diameter, entrance angle of the field of view, direction of the field of view, and working length. - The diameter of the laparoscope can be 10 mm, 6.5 mm, 5 mm, 4 mm, 2.9 mm, 2.7 mm and less. - The entrance angle of view is the angle within which the laparoscope transmits the input image. The visual axis direction is 0°, 30°, 45°, 70°, and 90°. If the visual axis is 0°, the laparoscope is called an end-on or straight laparoscope. In other cases, the laparoscope is called an oblique laparoscope; this optics is more functional and convenient when working in two-dimensional imaging conditions. In endoscopic surgery, optics with an angle of 30° are most common. One problem with laparoscopes is so-called "fogging" of the optics, which is the deposition of moisture condensation on the cooler distal lens when the laparoscope is inserted into the body cavity. A number of devices exist to reduce "fogging." One such device is a laparoscope "heater"—a device that, by inserting the laparoscope, heats the working portion of its shaft. One method to prevent "fogging" is insufflation not through the optical trocar. Most laparoscopes have standard-sized eyecups, allowing them to be easily interfaced with endoscopic video systems from any manufacturer. A laparoscope [https://eleps.ru/katalog/laparo-i-torakoskopiya-optika-laparoskopy/] allows for the internal examination of abdominal organs to detect pathologies and perform surgical procedures, such as gallbladder removal, biopsy, and tissue coagulation, injections, and fluid aspiration. A laparoscope is also used for visual diagnostics of diseases of the following organs: the peritoneum, the anterior surface and margin of the liver, the fundus of the gallbladder, part of the large intestine, the small intestine, the uterus, and appendages. Because the image is magnified during laparoscopy, the surgeon's movements are clearer, less traumatic, and result in less blood loss. Blood loss is also reduced by sealing the vessels during this procedure using high-frequency current. The use of a laparoscope virtually eliminates the risk of postoperative hernias and adhesions, which can cause mucosal obstruction. A major advantage of using a laparoscope is the undeniable cosmetic effect; scars covering half the abdomen are a thing of the past. Laparoscopes are supplied with instrument sets, the minimum kit of which includes stylets, trocars, optical tubes (in this case, called laparoscopes), an insufflator, an illuminator, and a set of instruments for diagnostics and therapeutic procedures. To puncture the cavity walls, a stylet—an instrument used for performing a puncture—is inserted into the trocar tube. Depending on the design dictated by the intended purpose, they can have different working end shapes: pyramidal (triangular or tetrahedral) or conical.