Experience with hemostatic therapy for recurrent nosebleeds
M.V. Gunchikov, M.G. Leizerman, F.V. Senkin, Moscow Scientific and Practical Center of Otolaryngology, Moscow Department of Healthcare. Otolaryngologists have been refining methods for stopping nosebleeds for many years. However, despite these advances, the search for new, highly effective methods remains a pressing issue in modern otolaryngology. According to various authors, 80% of recurrent nosebleeds are caused by general factors (hypertension, vascular atherosclerosis, blood coagulation disorders, acute infectious diseases), and approximately 20% are caused by local changes in the nasal cavity (atrophic processes in the nasal mucosa, trauma and surgery, benign and malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity). In most cases, the source of nosebleeds is the anterior inferior portion of the nasal septum (Kiesselbach's area), where four arteries (the septal, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, and superior labial) anastomose. Several methods for stopping nosebleeds are known in otolaryngology practice. The most common is anterior nasal packing with a gauze pad, followed by removal after 48 hours. Other methods include chemical treatment of the mucous membrane with silver solutions and trichloroacetic acid, as well as cauterization of the anterior nasal septum with a galvanic electrocautery, which do not always produce the desired results. In recent years, laser and radio wave treatments targeting the bleeding source have become widely used to stop nosebleeds. If these methods are ineffective, ligation of the external carotid artery or endovascular embolization of the bleeding source is performed. The use of existing hemostatic sponges and films available to otolaryngologists is limited due to their low fixation ability to the bleeding source. All of the above allows for a broader search for new, less traumatic, and highly effective methods for stopping recurrent nosebleeds. To address this issue, the ENT Department of Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 59, which provides 24-hour emergency ENT care, administered Tachocomb, manufactured by Nycomed, for hemostatic purposes to 20 patients admitted with a diagnosis of "nosebleed." The patients were 25-26 years old, 15 were women, and 5 were men. Tachocomb is a collagen sheet coated with lyophilized fibrin glue components consisting of fibrinogen, thrombin, aprotinin, and riboflavin. Upon contact with the bleeding source, the factors contained in the adhesive layer are activated. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which leads to the formation of a fibrin clot. Collagen stimulates platelet aggregation, thereby enhancing the hemostatic effect. The Tachocomb plate adheres to the wound surface through polymerization. Technique for stopping nosebleeds from the anterior-inferior nasal septum (Kiesselbach's zone). The Tachocomb plate, produced sterile, was cut to the required shape and placed on the bleeding source, overlapping its edges by 2-3 mm. For 30-40 seconds, the plate was fixed to the bleeding source with an instrument until complete cessation. After this fixation, anterior oblique tamponade was not required. After stopping recurrent nosebleeds with the Tachocomb plate, no recurrence of bleeding was observed in 15 patients. In four patients, bleeding resumed due to a hypertensive crisis, which required antihypertensive therapy. One patient experienced spontaneous plate displacement, requiring replacement. After 30 days, the entire group of patients showed complete dissolution of the Tachocomb patch in the anterior-inferior nasal septum and its replacement with a delicate connective tissue scar. The use of Tachocomb for recurrent nosebleeds achieved a stable hemostatic effect within a short period of time (1 minute), avoiding the need for anterior nasal packing with a gauze pad while maintaining nasal breathing. This reduced the patient's hospital stay by an average of 2-3 days and the use of additional hemostatic agents. Therefore, the use of Tachocomb as a hemostatic agent will undoubtedly find wide application in otolaryngology for stopping recurrent nosebleeds, as it has a pronounced hemostatic effect without side effects.