Options for reconstructive surgery of the nasal tip defects
Options for reconstructive surgery of the nasal tip defects
A.O. Gusan, Stavropol State Medical Academy. Traumatic nasal injuries are a leading cause of ENT trauma. Nasal tip defects are particularly disfiguring. The most common traumatic injuries to the nose include cuts, bites, and contusions. Each type of wound has its own characteristics, and the clinical presentation varies greatly depending on the depth of the injury, the condition of adjacent tissues, and the time since the injury. Treatment outcomes for these patients show a high rate of unsatisfactory outcomes. The literature describes numerous methods for correcting post-traumatic nasal tip defects. Each method may be optimal in a specific case, but all have their advantages and disadvantages. The aim of our study was to analyze the causes of nasal tip defects and the reconstructive surgical techniques used to treat this condition, as performed at our clinic over the past 10 years. During this time, 164 people with various defects of the terminal part of the nose sought medical help at the clinic. In 102 cases (62.2%), the time of seeking medical help after the injury was 24 hours. The remaining 62 people sought medical help at different times after the injury, from several days to several years. In 132 cases, these were men (80.5%), in 32 cases (19.5%) - women. The most common cause of the nasal tip defect was trauma received in a car accident - 64 (39.0%), then household trauma - 31 (18.9%), human and animal bites - 31 (18.9%), industrial trauma - 15 (9.1%), wound from a bladed weapon - 9 (5.5%), surgical trauma - 8 (4.9%), gunshot wound 2 (1.2%), in the remaining cases the cause could not be determined. We observed the most significant defects in victims of car accidents; these were typically not limited to damage to the nasal tip. Depending on the extent and depth of the injury, the availability of surrounding tissue, wound contamination, the condition of its edges and base, and the overall condition of the victim, a specific method of nasal tip reconstruction was used. Minor defects were corrected by shifting tissue from the undamaged nasal region. This type of reconstruction typically utilized the principle of tissue displacement in the form of triangular flaps, with the repositioned area being incorporated into one of the triangular flaps. More than half of the victims—116 (70.7%)—reconstructed using this method. However, restoring the shape of the nasal tip with local tissue is only possible in cases of minor defects. For superficial skin defects without compromising the integrity of the underlying tissue, free skin graft plastic surgery was used in 23 (14.0%) cases. The one-stage nature of the surgery, its rapid implementation, and the ability to avoid additional scars on the face around the defect make it quite attractive. In 16 (9.8%) cases of through-and-through partial nasal tip defects, a free skin-cartilage graft from the auricle using the Suslon method was used. Most surgeons specializing in defect correction believe that auricle tissue is the best material for reconstructing such defects. In 9 (5.5%) cases, an arterialized pedicled flap from the nasolabial area was used to close the defect. In our opinion, this method is the most reliable and has several advantages: — the skin of the cheek is closest in color to the skin of the nose; — the nasolabial fold flap is nourished by the superior labial artery; — the scar remaining on the cheek after flap removal is located along the nasolabial fold and is barely noticeable. The surgery involved cutting a skin-fat flap in the nasolabial fold area to match the shape and size of the defect, originating in the infraorbital region, and transferring it to the nasal defect. This procedure first requires creating the inner lining. The cosmetic outcome of the surgery largely depended on the precision of this creation. In conclusion, it should be noted that for all types of nasal tip defect correction, the best results were achieved when the procedure was performed simultaneously with primary surgical debridement. Experience shows that primary coccyx repair typically yields good cosmetic and functional results.

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